The BDI was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and released in 1961. Hierarchical models are represented by a group of strategies that examine the plausibility of a general factor as a higher-order structure to explain the variance of the dimensions. The Beck Depression Inventory A study done by Boury et al. This finding differs from common findings indicating that the affective factor should be subsumed by the cognitive [17,18,58] or the somatic factor [5,10,59,60]. Among women who have experienced intimate partner violence, those with comorbid PTSD and Major Depression show higher levels of symptomatology on the BDI-II than those with PTSD alone and those with no PTSD or Major Depression (Nixon, Resick, Nishith, 2004). (1998) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with adolescent outpatients and found good internal consistency. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Items receiving low Relevance ratings included item 3 (Past Failure), item 6 (Punishment Feelings), and item 21 (Loss of Interest in Sex). This means that it relies on the individual's own perception of their symptoms. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. e0199750. Results from hierarchical and bifactor BDI-II models supported both models. Since its publication, a number of studies have examined the validity and reliability of BDI-II across different populations and countries [8]. Arch Gen Psychiatry. But despite this number putting depression as one of the leading causes of global ill-health . Next, internal structure of the BDI-II was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) through AMOS v20 [46]. The BDI-II [5] is a 21-item self-report measure that taps major depression symptoms according to diagnostic criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders [6]. Beck Anxiety Inventory: an overview. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, Editor: Chung-Ying Lin, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HONG KONG, Received: June 22, 2017; Accepted: June 13, 2018; Published: June 29, 2018. BDI-II assesses presence and intensity of mood symptoms. Eur Psychiatry. Based on previous BDI-II research findings, several competing models were tested including one, two, three-factor models and bifactor models. Some people may underestimate their level of distress, while others may exaggerate their symptoms. Carmody, D.P. Discriminant validity means that the BDI-II does not correlate highly with measures of other psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety. (2005) factor analyzed data from a low-income African American outpatient sample. In particular, it would be worthwhile to further examine the capacity of BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects. Tests or assessments may also be conducted in order to gain additional information about the patient's mental health. Universidad Arturo Michelena, Valencia, Venezuela, Affiliations Storch, E.A., Roberti, J.W., & Roth, D.A. Affective Negative Reinforcement in Addiction, Mechanisms for Intoxicated Emotion and Behavior. So far, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) has become one of the most widely used measures to assess depressive symptoms and their severity in adolescents and adults [4]. Yes They also found similar factor structures for both groups, providing evidence of factoral validity. Leigh, I.W., & Anthony-Tolbert, S. (2001). 1. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. The Five to ten minutes is necessary for completing the test. In 1996, the BDI was revised to include additional items and to reflect changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.s001. In general, neither the unidimensional model nor the one, two and three factor models reached acceptable fit indices. (2003). Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression, Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review, Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents, Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Vegetative symptoms (refers to changes in sleep patterns, and appetite). Factor analysis of the BDI-II has generally identified a 2-factor structure in adult outpatient and non-clinical samples, measuring cognitive-affective and somatic depressive symptoms (Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg, 1998; Storch, Roberti, & Roth, 2004). Analyses of adolescents have identified different but related factor solutions (see below). The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. View PDF. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The BDI-II can be administered orally by an examiner to those with reading difficulties or problems with concentration. The authors suggested that the measures not be used interchangeably since they may be assessing different aspects of depression. Thus, even using the exactly same words the interpretation and meaning may be quite different [45]. 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. It was developed by famous American psychiatrist Dr. Aaron T. Beck. The Beck Depression Inventory can be a helpful tool in assessing your level of distress but should not be used as a replacement for professional help. Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) There are many resources available to help you. (2002). Items are summed to create a total score, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression. Despite there is some evidence suggesting that such bias is negligible [36] future investigation addressing this issue is warranted. Yes 2016;13(3):220-228. doi:10.1177/1479972316634604, By Arlin Cuncic Completion Time:: 5 to 10 minutes; self-administered or verbally by a trained administrator. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(10), 1225-1233. Cardemil, Kim, Pinedo, & Miller (2005) found high internal consistence (alpha was .90-.92) and change in scores over the course of treatment for both English- and Spanish-speaking Latina women from a predominantly low-income sample. The comparison continues in a sequential increasing order (from i-1 and proceeding in order) until the first nonrejection. [5] original scoring instructions. Furlanetto, L.M., Mendlowicz, M.V., & Bueno, J.R. (2005). Carmody D. P. (2005). Bleiberg, K.L., & Markowitz, J.C. (2005). It is important to keep in mind that the BDI is a self-report measure. 2. For example: When the test is scored, a value of 0 to 3 is assigned for each answer and then the total score is compared to a key to determine the depressions severity. The validity and reliability of the test were . Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of "Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder" and "7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety.". Depression represents the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide [3] with the higher prevalence in low and middle-income countries [54]. Once the activity was completed, a focus group was used to enable individuals to share their appreciations concerning items, response format, instructions, and to check for discrepancies in the interpretation or meanings. Secondly, to examine the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Dominican Republic. We will write a custom Assessment on Beck Depression Inventory, Its History and Benefits specifically for you. The corrected item-total correlation was also calculated for the items of each factor. An inventory for measuring depression. 2021;27(4):603-612. doi:10.1177/1352458520921073, Fried EI, van Borkulo CD, Epskamp S, Schoevers RA, Tuerlinckx F, Borsboom D. Measuring depression over time . Finally, the PUC value indicates that 68% of the correlations are influenced by the general factor. here. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. No, Is the Subject Area "Dominican Republic" applicable to this article? They found good internal consistency and factoral validity, with factor analysis identifying a general dimension of depression and two related factors, cognitive-affective and somatic-motivational, similar to the factor structure reported in the BDI-II manual. The total scale was the only one that presented values greater than .80 ( = .89; corrected item-total correlations between .37 and .62). Yeung, A., Howarth, S., Chan, R., Sonawalla, S., Nierenberg, A., & Fava, M. (2002). Since Mardias kurtosis multivariate coefficient was 338.70 thus indicating a significant deviation from multivariate normality according to benchmarks [47]the Asymptotic Distribution-Free method was used for model estimation. It contains 21 items, and a patient has to rate them all on a scale to help the doctor assess his medical condition. As such, it would be valuable to test the invariance measurement of the BDI-II factor structure found in this study across different samples in order to examine the robustness of the affective component as a single and differentiated domain of depression. Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. Another setback is the high financial cost that it entails, which translates into low productivity, workplace absenteeism, outpatient care, hospitalizations and pharmacological treatments [2]. Furthermore, since research indicates that depression symptoms response differentially to treatment [57] the use of BDI-II global score alone as a measure to detect changes in response to treatment may obscure the impact of interventions. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Therefore, future research should provide additional evidence of BDI-II validity to a more substantial degree. The NCTSN is funded by the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and jointly coordinated by UCLA and Duke University. Emotion, 5(1), 103-112. In addition, the internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's statistic, and validity evidence was provided by comparing the BDI-II scores of the general population and the hospital population; to do so, successive Student's t tests were carried out for independent samples applying a HolmBonferroni adjustment to control for Type 1 error. Braz J Psychiatry. Cross-cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan. Learn more about accessibility at UWMadison. Indeed, Hunt et al [63] demonstrated that subjects who administered a manipulated version of BDI-II in which the purpose was disguised and the content was padded with items that not tap depression symptoms, scored significantly higher than subjects who completed the original scale. Individuals treated with interpersonal psychotherapy adapted for PTSD also show decreases in BDI-II scores following treatment (Bleiberg & Markowitz, 2005). Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, 183-190. Collectively, these results support the use of BDI-II in Republic Dominican for assessing depression severity. . The BDI can be used for ages 13 to 80. Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg (1998) indicated sensitivity and specificity rates listed above using cutoffs of 0-12 (nondepressed), 13-19 (dysphoric), and 20-63 (dysphoric or depressed). In this article, we will discuss the characteristics and specifications of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Moreover, despite that cultural convergence is being accelerated due to increased globalization [39] and that major depression has been reported worldwide [40] there are considerable cross-cultural differences in the symptomatology of depression [41]. doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.87. It has been used in multiple studies, including in treatment-outcome studies for individuals who have experienced traumas. Background. The cut-off points of values greater than .95 reported by Hu and Bentler [48] and Joreskog and Sorboms [49] were used for the CFI and GFI indices in order to consider an optimal fit, and greater than .90 for an acceptable fit. Michael, T., Ehlers, A., & Halligan, S.L. In contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models fitted well to the data. The other pro is that it also consists of high content validity. In this study we are using the Spanish version of Beck Depression Inventory-II [44], which has an excellent reliability coefficient of .92. EMDR therapy following the 9/11 terrorist attacks: A community-based intervention project in New York City. Steer, R.A., Clark, D.A., Beck, A.T., & Ranieri, W.F. There is a short version of the BDI, the BDI-SF, which includes only the cognitive-affective subscale and has been recommended to assess depression in medical populations, with scores higher than 10 associated with moderate to severe depression. Thus, in contrast to different authors who advocate the use of BDI-II total scores and questioned the validity of subscales [13,34], the present findings support the use of the BDI-II total score along with scores corresponding to each subscale, in agreement with Beck et al. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression [6]. Motta, R.W., Newman, C.L., Lombardo, K.L., & Silverman, M.A. The results obtained were: = .78 for the Cognitive dimension (corrected item-total correlations between .45 and .62); = .77 for the Somatic dimension (corrected item-total correlations between .42 and .56); and = .70 for the Affective dimension (corrected item-total correlations between .37 and .55). Encephale, 20, 311-317. If you have previously been diagnosed with depression, the Beck Depression Inventory can be used on a weekly basis to check on your progress, especially if you have begun therapy and started taking medications. No, Is the Subject Area "Research assessment" applicable to this article? In contrast, findings concerning BDI-II factor structure have been somewhat inconsistent. All participants agreed to participate voluntarily and provided written consent prior to complete the inventory and after information about purposes of the study were provided. Steer, R.A., Kumar, G., Ranieri, W.F., & Beck, A.T. (1998). Author. It has also been used in numerous treatment outcome studies and in numerous studies with trauma-exposed individuals. The Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition (BDI-II) is a 21-item self-report measure designed to measure severity of depression consistent with symptoms of depression as presented in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association 1994) in both adolescents aged 13 years and older and adults (Beck et al. Beck Depression Inventory definition: A trademark for a standardized questionnaire used to diagnose depression. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 9(1), 22-28. Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Small Ways to Feel Better When You're Depressed, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen (BDI-FS), Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Neurovegetative symptom subtypes in young people with major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates, Trends in (not) using scales in major depression: A categorization and clinical orientation, A comparison of self-report and clinical diagnostic interviews for depression: diagnostic interview schedule and schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry in the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up, Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors, Measuring depression over time . Differential item functioning in a Spanish translation of the Beck Depression Inventory. The PHQ-9 is the nine item depression scale of the patient health questionnaire. They conducted both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and found a 2nd order general factor of Depression and three first-order factors: Negative Attitude, Performance Difficulty, and Somatic Elements. The BDI-II is widely used and accepted as a measure of depressive symptomatology. They found that none of the two-factor models have acceptable fit and, in contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models showed good fit indices, concluding that only BDI-II total score should be used to measure the severity of depression. Is the Subject Area "Depression" applicable to this article? For example, to measure pessimism (item 2) the response options used range from I am not particularly discouraged about the future (score of 0) to the future is hopeless and things cannot improve (score of 3). Pontificia Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, Affiliation Validating the Beck Depression Inventory-II for Hong Kong community adolescents. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Reference Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock and Erbaugh 1 and its revised version (BDI-II) are some of the most frequently used self-rating scales for measuring the severity of depressive symptoms. Health action to be taken in form of counselling about the pros and cons in the early phase can prevent future complications. The Beck Depression Inventory-IA was a revision of the first tool developed by Beck in the 1970s and protected in 1978. Additionally, more sophisticated analysis into the BDI-II factor structure including hierarchical and bifactor models have been tested. The wording in some items asks the respondent to compare their current state to a prior one (e.g., than usual, as ever). The results of the tool are determined by the sum of the ratings, creating a score that ranges anywhere from 0 to 63. Silver, S.M., Rogers, S., Knipe, J., & Colelli, G. (2005). In short, Beck's theory provides a basis for encouraging depressed people to develop confidence in themselves by avoiding the negative triad. Telepractice: Tips on using this test in your telepractice. A total score of 0 to 7 points indicates minimal anxiety, 8 to 15 points mild, 16 to 25 points moderate, and 26 to 63 points severe anxiety symptoms. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. The revised BDI, known as the BDI-II, is the most widely used version of the questionnaire. Sprinkle et al. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. Nixon, R.D.V., Resick, P.A., & Nishith, P. (2004). The Beck Depression Inventory or (BDI), is a self-report questionnaire that contains 21 multiple-choice questions for the evaluation of the severity (0 to 3 possible score per item) of depression in both normal and psychiatric populations. Is There a Link Between Diabetes and Depression? Its content validity is ensured because most of its items are equivalent to the DSM-IV criteria for depression. Cathebras, P., Mosnier, C., Levy, M., Bouchou, K., & Rousset, H. (1994). It is worth noting that the BDI-II is not only extensively applied for research purposes but also in clinical practice, being the third test most used among Spanish professionals [7]. Therefore, findings cannot be generalized and further replication in both representative samples from general population and clinical samples are needed. According to the World Health Organization [3] depression is the leading cause of years lived with disability (YLD), and the most prevalent disorder among serious psychiatric disorders in primary care setting. The BDI can be used, but is not limited to, persons with stroke. (1998). No, Is the Subject Area "Diagnostic medicine" applicable to this article? Preliminary analysis using SPSS v20 was carried out to examine outliers, missing values and to test assumptions of univariate and multivariate normality. Kubany, E.S., Hill, E.E., Owens, J.A., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M.A., Tremayne, K.J., & Williams, P.L. Cognitive trauma therapy for battered women with PTSD (CTT-BW). As expected, statistically significant differences were observed with higher averages in the hospital sample. Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). It has been translated into languages other than English, and its psychometric properties have been established in numerous cultural groups including the deaf population. Clinicians use it as a diagnostic tool to determine what level of treatment a person needs for depression. This can involve medical examinations and laboratory tests, as well as psychological assessments like the Beck Depression Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Shankman et al., 2018). To the extent that depression symptoms and inner experience may differ across cultural backgrounds [42], findings cannot be generalized. As expected, t-test analysis revealed that BDI-II scores discriminated between individuals from hospital and general population. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Affiliation Items from the BDI-A were rewritten, 4 new items corresponding to DSM-IV Depression criteria were added, and the timeframe was changed from 1 week to 2 weeks to correspond to the DSM-IV. The scores used to measure the symptoms on a Beck Anxiety Inventory may range from 0 to 63: minimal anxiety levels (0-7), mild anxiety (8-15), moderate anxiety (16-25), and severe anxiety (26-63). This paper, therefore, evaluates the instrument, looking at its design and format, its Psychometric properties, strengths, and weaknesses. Dictionary . Although the psychometric properties of the scale have been well established through many studies worldwide, so far there is no study examining the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Republic Dominican. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11(2), 99-112. Journal of Affective Disorders, 86(1), 87-91. In Dominican Republic the scientific research on depression is absent [55] which may negatively impact the development of cultural sensitive evidence-based interventions. References. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(2), 94-99. Depression and Anxiety, 19(3), 187-189. The BDI-II is based on the amended Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-A). Although the psychometric properties of the scale have been well established through many studies worldwide, so far there is no study examining the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Republic Dominican. Keep in mind that the measures not be generalized, persons with stroke been tested of each.! And unhappy that I can & # x27 ; s mental health professional interpersonal psychotherapy adapted PTSD! Analysis using SPSS v20 was carried out to examine the validity and of!, missing values and to test assumptions of univariate and multivariate normality health.. 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